A Comparative Study on Psychological General Well-Being with Pre and Post Menopausal States of Women

Khushbu Rani^1*, S.C. Tiwari², Rakesh Kr. Tripathi^3**, Garima Srivastava ⁴

1-       PhD Scholar Dept. of Geriatric Mental Health CSM Medical University Lucknow UP

2-       Prof & Head Dept. of Geriatric Mental Health CSM Medical University Lucknow UP

3-       Lecturer Cum Clinical Psychologist Dept. of Geriatric Mental Health CSM Medical University Lucknow UP

4-       PG Clinical Psychology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, M.P.

**Corresponding author

Background:  Identified state of psychological general well being of women with pre and post menopausal state will be taken as a focus for psychological intervention.

Objective: To compare the psychological problems in pre and post menopausal women.

Material and Methods:  Subjects were recruited from the outpatient of Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, C.S.M. Medical University (erstwhile KGMU) U.P. Lucknow, and purposively selected from General population of Lucknow giving informed consent for the study. A total number of forty females were recruited with pre (20) and post (20) menopausal state. Semi-structured proforma and Psychological general well-being Index (tool) were administered on all the subjects.

Statistical analysis: Mean sd, independent sample t test were used to analyze the data.

Results: The Mean age with S.D of the premenopausal women was 37.7±4.83 years, and postmenopausal women were 57.35±5.37 year. The areas identified in the psychological general well-being were anxiety, depression, positive well being, self control, general health and vitality in pre and post menopausal states of women. The difference between both the groups was insignificant with Anxiety (p<0.354), Depression (p<0.715), Positive well being (p<0.99), self control (p<0.08), General Health (p<0.90), and vitality (p<0.68). The obtained mean score suggest that mild depression and moderate level of anxiety, positive well being, general health and vitality is experienced by women in both the states. Whereas the slight difference between the mean scores in self control suggest that, premenopausal women experience mild level of self control in comparison to post menopausal women who experience moderate self control.

Conclusion: The present study suggests no significant differences in the psychological well being of women in the pre and post menopausal state. The study reveals that women were suffering from psychological problems like anxiety, depression, positive well being, self control, general health and vitality which may vary from mild to moderate level, in both pre and post menopausal states. 

Note: Paper was presented in 7^th IAGMH conference at Mysore in year 2011 by Ms Garima Srivastava.

Diabetes mellitus: A risk factor for cognitive impairment amongst urban older adults Tiwari S C, Tripathi RK, Farooqi SA, Kumar R, Srivastava G, Kumar A - Ind Psychiatry J
 

How to cite this article: Tiwari S C, Tripathi RK, Farooqi SA, Kumar R, Srivastava G, Kumar A. Diabetes mellitus: A risk factor for cognitive impairment amongst urban older adults. Ind Psychiatry J 2012;21:44-8

How to cite this URL: Tiwari S C, Tripathi RK, Farooqi SA, Kumar R, Srivastava G, Kumar A. Diabetes mellitus: A risk factor for cognitive impairment amongst urban older adults. Ind Psychiatry J [serial online] 2012 [cited 2013 May 9];21:44-8. Available from: http://www.industrialpsychiatry.org/text.asp?2012/21/1/44/110950

Abstract

 Background: Studies reported in relation to diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairment are inconclusive. Diabetes mellitus is a wide spread physical illness amongst older adults. The study explores whether, it leads to cognitive impairment amongst older adults in comparison to those without diabetes mellitus.

 Materials and Methods: Study sample consisted of 900 subjects fulfilling the inclusion/exclusion criteria out of 1067 elderlies aged 55 years and above residing in a randomly selected ward of urban Lucknow. Pathological investigation was done on all elderlies to rule out diabetes mellitus. Out of 900 subjects 145 were found to have Diabetes Mellitus and rests 755 were without diabetes mellitus. These subjects were further divided into two groups: (i) with and (ii) without cognitive impairment based on detailed assessment of Mini Mental State Examination positive subjects by Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly- Revised (CAMDEX-R). International Classification of Diseases-10 ^th revision criteria were used to make diagnosis. Data analysis was done calculating odds ratio, Chi square, and percentages. 

Results: Diabetes mellitus was found to be prevalent is 13.7% and 16.9% amongst older adults aged 55-59 years and 60 years and above respectively. Odds ratio 1.3 with CI 95% indicates that subjects with diabetes mellitus is 1.3 times at more risk to develop cognitive impairment amongst urban older adults than non-cognitively impaired subjects. But differences on Chi square test were found to be insignificant. 

Conclusion: There is a weak association between diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairment amongst urban older adults.

 Keywords: Cambridge examination for mental disorders of the elderly-revised, cognitive impairment, diabetes mellitus, mini mental state examination, prevalence